Capital Punishment A Form Of Legal Punishment Essay

Capital punishment implies that the criminal is sentenced to death as a punishment for their crimes. Prima facie, it appears to be the most just punishment and solution to crimes that demand such severity of punishment in proportion to the offense. However, the reason why it is a moot point and a debatable issue is because ethicists see both sides of the story and there are numerous ethical issues involved with institutionalizing capital punishment. To understand the debate on capital punishment as an ethical issue, there must first be an understanding of the terms involved in the debate. Capital punishment refers to death as a form of legal punishment for crimes. The term ethics refers to a code of human conduct that regulates human behaviour and helps one discern right from wrong. The debate ensues as soon as one understands the meaning of ethics and tries to apply it to the justification of capital punishment or the death penalty. Death as a form of punishment for crimes has been meted out since historical times when monarchy existed as a form of governance. Before the introduction of humane capital punishment methods that are used in present times, penalties included boiling to death, flaying, slow slicing, crucifixion, impalement, crushing, disembowelment, stoning, burning, decapitation, dismemberment and scaphism. The evident barbarity of these punishments is in itself a justification to how human consciousness has evolved over centuries and how what was onceShow MoreRelated Capital Punishment In The United States Essay examples1586 Words   |  7 PagesCapital Punishment in the United States Executive Summary Capital punishment has been around for many years as a way of executing criminals. Despite what most believe, capital punishment is not functional in the American society. Defenders of the death penalty often claim that the execution of criminals will teach others not to do bad, initially decreasing crime rates. Unfortunately, statistics prove that thought to be wrong. Capital punishment also has great flaws. For example, many innocentRead MoreThe Merits and Pitfalls of Capital Punishment Today1482 Words   |  6 Pages Capital punishment is an age-old practice. It has been used in civilizations for millennia, and will continue to be used for millennia to come. Whether used for the right or wrong reasons, capital punishment is unmistakable in its various forms. From hangings, to firing squads, to lethal injections, capital punishment and the associated proceeding have evolved over time. There have been many arguments against capital punishment, many of which still hold true. 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Is capital punishment a cruel and unusual way of punishing serious of fenders? Should the mentally ill be susceptible to capital punishment? A lot of states made capital punishment legal, but not all of them use it as freely as some states like Texas. The stateRead MoreCapital Punishment: An Overview682 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Outline I.Introduction II.Capital Punishment: An Overview III.In Support of Capital Punishment 1.Deterrence 2.Proportional 3.Closure 4.Public Interest IV.Dissenting Views 1.Execution of Innocents 2.The Penaltys Deterrence Effect V.Conclusion VI.References Introduction Does capital punishment still have a place in the modern society? While there are those who feel that the role capital punishment plays in the preservation of order cannot be overstated, others continue to push forRead MoreThe Constitutionality Of Capital Punishment1726 Words   |  7 Pagesalmost all capital sentences in the United States have been imposed for homicide. There have been intense debates among Americans regarding the constitutionality of capital punishment. Critics charge that executions are violations of the â€Å"cruel and unusual punishment† provision of the Eighth Amendment; while supporters of the death penalty counter that this clause was not intended to prohibit legal executions. In the 1972 court case of Furman vs. Georgia, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that capital punishmentRead MoreWhy the Death Penalty is Ineffective1552 Words   |  6 PagesIneffective The society constantly tries to reason with an effective way to respond to violence. Differences in opinion on the use of death as punishment arise from differences in religious, ethical, cultural, and morale perspectives. The role of death as a punishment for an offence has not been solved today, and remains a dilemma for the citizenrys political, legal, social, and religious thought. This is because an answer to the question is the death penalty effective? is not clear or evident todayRead MorePersuasive Essay On The Death Penalty910 Words   |  4 Pageshistory of capital punishment, and why others believe it is okay. Capital punishment is when someone has committed a crime in which they are sentenced to death. In this paper I will be arguing that the death penalty is okay. Capital punishment has been a controversial and debatable issue for centuries. People have been sentenced to capital punishment since the beginning of time, it has been accepted as fair punishment by law enforcement within any period. Over time capital punishment has becomeRead MoreTaking a Look at Capital Punishment1080 Words   |  4 Pages Since 1608, legal systems have used capital punishment as justice. â€Å"As of November 2014, 32 states have the death penalty. There have been a total of 1348 executions from January 1977 to the end of 2014† (capitalpunishmentuk). The capital punishment only affects those who sentenced in the crime of rape or murder. The most popular death method is lethal injection. There are other options such as â€Å"electrocution, hanging, shooting, and the gas chamber† (capitalpunishmentuk) but theses alternativeRead MoreThe Death Penalty Of Capital Punishment1333 Words   |  6 Pagesof the many terrible mishaps, that have occurred in the history of the death penalty. Capital punishment has long been a controversial topic, with a countless number of cases taken up to the Supreme Court. This barbaric form of â€Å"discipline† began as early as 1750 B.C, with one of the most notable portrayals being a statement in Hammurabi s Code. Today, in the 31 states, in which the de ath penalty is legal, capital crimes from first degree murder, terrorism to espionage, are all punishable by death

Mustafa Establish The Republic Of Turkey - 1467 Words

1. Mustafa Kemal helped establish the Republic of Turkey and became its first president. Born in the Ottoman Empire, he dethroned Sultan Abdul Hamid II in the Young Turk Revolution in 1908. Soon after, he rose up the ranks in the Ottoman military; he fought in the Italo-Turkish War in 1911, in the Balkan Wars from 1912 to 1913, and in the Great War from 1915 to 1918. He became well-known after the strong resistance in Dardanelles against the Allies. After the Treaty of Sevres, the Allies took control of vital forts near the waterways; this would endanger the security of the country. In 1919, Mustafa Kemal organized resistance against those forces, especially the Greek. In 1923, The Treaty of Lausanne was signed, and the Republic of Turkey was established, with Mustafa Kemal as its first president. During his presidency, he strived to keep Turkey neutral in global affairs, and modernize the country, socially and industrially. When last names were introduced to Turkey, he adopted the last name, â€Å"Ataturk,† meaning â€Å"Father of the Turks,† soon after. 2. Enver Pasha was greatly responsible for the Ottoman participation in the Great War, and the numerous Armenian deaths in the forced deportation. Training in Germany at a young age, he was fascinated by the German military system, and tried to reform Ottoman military lines in a more German way. He organized the Young Turk Revolution in 1908, the defense of Libya against Italy in 1911, and the recapture of Edirne in 1913. He heldShow MoreRelatedThe Historical Foundations Of The Norwegian Constitution855 Words   |  4 Pageshistory, the Republic of Turkey is a fairly young nation, established in October of 1923 (TCF, 2015). Little remains of historical ties to the Ottoman Republic, however, it’s fall during the first World War gave way to the post war Turkish National Liberation Movement, led by Mustafa Kernal. Kernel was later named Mustafa Atatà ¼rk, or father of the Turks. Page 12 of 36 Atatà ¼rk’s achievements include the signing of Lausanne Peace Treaty, with most notably Britain, Greece and France. It was Mustafa Atatà ¼rk’sRead MoreA Free Democratic Environment : The Farmer s Wife By Mustafa Kemal Ataturk2013 Words   |  9 PagesEligible for Education? Negative! Is that ethical? Are those â€Å"rights† considered to be women rights? Would this occur in a free democratic environment? Definitely not! Mustafa Kemal Atatà ¼rk did not accept this old fashioned Islamic mindset, which was still dictated by the Ottoman Empire. He had the idea to lead Turkey into a democratic, independent future, because he was a visionary and ethical leader he took action. Visionary Leader The MP1 reflects his visions, why he wanted to rebuildRead MoreEssay about Ghandi Vs. Kemal668 Words   |  3 Pages Compare and contrast Mustafa Kemal with Mohandas Gandhi, explain their similarities and differences. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In 1918, the Ottoman Turks were already independent, and consequently the allies (the United States, Great Britain, and France) wanted to make them pay. They were going to divide the Turkish territory among themselves. These were the conditions in Turkey at the time. The Turks’ feelings about being split up between the allies and the Greeks were very simple. ObviouslyRead MoreTurkish Reform Under Mustafa â€Å"Ataturk† Kemal: a Review on the Six Arrows of Kemalism3001 Words   |  13 PagesTurkish Reform Under Mustafa â€Å"Ataturk† Kemal: A Review on the Six Arrows of Kemalism In the aftermath of World War I, the once great Ottoman Empire was left in shambles. After having lost almost all of the empire’s territory to European mandates in 1918, what little they had left became occupied by Allied troops. In order to return the Turkish people to their former glory, the Turkish War for Independence was fought, resulting in the creation of a new government in Ankara. By 1923, this governmentRead MoreAnalysis of Politics in The Republic of Turkey 822 Words   |  3 Pagesof Independence and studies the parliaments of the Republic of Turkey from 1923 to 1946, roughly the time known as the single party period when the political power was monopolized by the Republican People’s Party (CHP – Cumhuriyet Halk FÄ ±rkasÄ ±/Partisi). In his former research Demirel had given a large place to political disputes in the Turkish parliament by highlighting the actions of the fraction opposed to the group under the guidance of Mustafa Kemal (Atatà ¼r k). The scope of his research has changedRead MoreEssay on Turkeys Internal Conflict and the Kurdish Minority995 Words   |  4 Pagesof Turks. This issue has been with Turkey almost since the foundation of the Turkish State in 1923. The Kurds were promised the creation of an independent state as part of the treaty of Sevres in 1920 but this part of the treaty was never ratified and Turkey has refused to recognize the existence of a separate Kurdish ethnic community within its borders. Even so, Half of Turkeys Kurds have moved from the south east to the western cities of Turkey and have increasingly become integratedRead MoreThe Government s Freedom Of Press974 Words   |  4 PagesSince the Turkish state was founded by Mustafa Kemal Atatà ¼rk in 1923, the press in Turkey has never been free. The first government was ruled by the Atatà ¼rk’s party, the Republican People’s Party (CHP), which claimed to be liberal and modernist; however, they made a law which could shut down and /or censor any newspapers which they did not like. (Bulut, 2015). During the CHP era, 130 newspapers and magazines were banned. Although many parties’ names have changed throughout the years, the rulingRead MoreModernization Process in Turkey Afghanistan †¢ Introduction: Modernization theory is a1500 Words   |  6 PagesModernization Process in Turkey Afghanistan †¢ Introduction: Modernization theory is a unilinear process in which stated that every society goes through the same process of modernization (Smelser, 1988, p.2). The idea of modernization came in Turkey while Mustafa Kemal Atatà ¼rk came into power after the world war one by defeating Ottoman Empire through Young Turks. Ottoman Empire was ruling Turkey for more than five decades; at first they were ruling Turkey through absolute monarchy latter theyRead More History of Turkish Occupation of Northern Kurdistan Essay4038 Words   |  17 Pagesthe forefront of the international news scene. That state is the Republic of Turkey and its primary troubles stem from the past seven decades of acrimonious policies directed at the indigenous ethnic Kurds. The main problem, now, is the Kurdish popular insurgency on its hands, in Turkish occupied Northern Kurdistan. The Kurdish question has long been covered up and denied by the state of Turkey, but recent events has forced Turkey to concede that it has a serious Kurdish insurgency on its handsRead MoreDemocracy in Iran and Turkey Essays2319 Words   |  10 Pages Comparison and Contrast between the Evolution of Democracy in Iran and Turkey, from 1900 to the Present. Name: Institution: Date: Please write on top of each of your exams its exact title as its appear below, making sure your answers are itemized (i.e., answer the points ONE BY ONE, and not combine them).  ITEMIZE YOUR ANSWERS   Mid Term Exam Compare and contrast the evolution of democracy in Iran and Turkey, from 1900 to present.  In process of writing your exam, you must provide the following

Collectivism and Individualism Cultural Syndromes †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Collectivism and Individualism Cultural Syndromes. Answer: Introduction The growing corporate industry has opened up significant opportunities for educated and skilled employees. At the international level, organisational managers need to identify the cultural differences among the workforce located in different countries to influence the efficiency and productivity of the corporate business (Ye, 2010). In this particular research study, an assessment of similarities and differences in managerial process and organisational culture at diverse locations has been presented drawing a number of issues and challenges affecting the management procedure. For an international manager, diversified cross-culture creates so many issues. Drawing cross-cultural concepts, the identified report describes how different culture in Australia and England affects individualism versus group orientation, decision-making abilities, communication, autocratic versus delegated leadership, superior-subordinate relationships, and managing teams. By utilising the analysis of national culture studied in the previous assignment, the report tends to evaluate how an international manager can deal with the situation of similar and different managerial process and corporate culture in two different national cultures i.e. Australia and England. Furthermore, the study provides significant real-life examples of a corporate firm operating in two different national cultures to show international managerial activities considered by a global manager dealing with different and similar corporate culture and management functions. Different cultural aspects have massively influenced the international managerial processes and corporate culture. In a review of the literature, Yavas and Rezayat (2013) identify that significant cultures improve the managerial perception of quality. In terms of cultural dimension, collectivism-oriented culture has contributed towards the greater commitment of employees as organisational values are strongly shred within the workforce. As a result of the scenario, such cultural aspects lead towards better management and productivity out of the human resources. In another research of cross-cultural management, Lundberg (2010) reviews that effective cultural orientation can affect the organisational managerial functions at the highest order. Based on the theoretical concepts, the author states that team-oriented organisational structure can be formed only if power distance index and long-term orientation index in culture is high. In such instances, influenced by the culture, the workfo rce will put significant value on training and career development increasing the efficiency of the firm. Also, the collectivist mentality of the human resource will deliver a sense of responsibility and accountability towards the organisation making the managerial task easier for an international manager (Ledimo, 2015). Goodhew, Cammock, and Hamilton (2015) evaluate the role of international managers to link the positive aspects of culture influencing the management processes and corporate culture. According to the research developed by the authors, a national culture of the employees can influence the business functions as the performance of a corporate firm can be reflected by the cultural values and attitude of human resources. For instance, emotional aspects of culture can make a wider impact on the corporate culture promoting employee engagement at the highest level. In such cases, an international manager must take a note of the emotional aspects associated with a national culture before jumping into a decision. Furthermore, a research conducted by Nicolas (2009) points out the impact of social culture determining corporate culture and learning of the human resources. According to the study, influenced by the social culture, collectivism-oriented employee groups have mostly developed a unique organisational culture where every individual can share their knowledge and values to each other. In this way, organisational learning can be influenced reducing the efforts of the managers. In such cases, organisational team management has become significantly easier for the manager as employees are already influenced by the corporate culture (Smolka, 2010). According to the study developed by Wickham and Parker (2007), cultural aspects attached to a particular workforce should be improvised by the managers so that cross-cultural issues in management can be resolved at different countries. In contemporary workforce management, influenced by the natural culture of the employees, a corporate manager should implement the role theory encouraging human resources to take significant management duties. Thus, cultural aspects can enhance managerial functions if a manager can use right strategic interventions (Gupta and Bhaskar, 2016). Apart from that, MNEs operating in different nations must prioritise local cultural aspects to increase the corporate functioning and managerial processes. In a study, Kidd (2011) describes how an international manager can define diversified activities based on the cultural dimensions. By discovering the similarities and differences in national culture, managerial operations such as virtual team management and decision-making will be taken into account based on perceptual differences. On the other hand, Jankov and Magdolen (2013) elaborate the effectiveness of cross-cultural managerial aspects by identifying cultural differences in two or more national cultures. Precisely, modern managers must value the social culture of a nation determining the leadership styles. If the culture of a nation promotes a higher sense of personal responsibility, talent management will become significantly effortless. In this particular cultural dimension, the role of the manager will be to harness and cultivate the talent resources of the workforce (Moran, Abramson and Moran, 2014). Assessment of similarities and differences in managerial processes and organisational culture In this very segment of the study, the similarities and differences in managerial functions and corporate culture which have to be encountered by an international manager have been described providing suitable examples. Precisely, the identified challenges to be examined in the case are explained as follows: In the contemporary corporate businesses, an international manager must identify the greater effect of individualism and collectivism to determine the managerial functions. Precisely, the characteristic of individualist community can show lesser degree of interdependency among the people (Marshall, 2008). Hence, an international manager must identify the individual merit of an employee to increase the productivity. On the other hand, in case of collectivist society, people belong to a larger group. As a result, in a collectivist society the degree of interdependency is higher. As per the characteristics of collectivist cultural dimension, a manager must treat the workforce as a single unit to encourage the sense of responsibility (Frank, Enkawa and Schvaneveldt, 2015). Also, higher form of group orientation can lead to strong corporate culture where each of the individual is linked with another. According to the different cultural dimensions, an individualist culture can be influence d if each of the participants is managed based on their personal traits and skills. By following the suit, the practice of self-reliance of the employees can be utilised by the management to take individual initiatives effective for overall performance of the organisation. Contradictorily, to manage the human resources working in a collectivist society, international managers must promote group orientation in every organisational function. In this way, collective effort of the employees can enhance the efficiency and performance of the firm. In case of Britain and Australian culture, both the countries have possessed individualist society where group orientation should be avoided by the international managers during the management of the workforce (Triandis, 2013). For instance, McKinsey Company, one of the leading multinational consulting agencies has followed different managerial processes in Australia and the United Kingdom. In case of Australia, the social people have belonged to highly individualist community that means common people have looked after their families as an individual rather than a collective group. Therefore, based on such cultural aspects of individualism, a corporate manager has to recruit and promote employees as per the indivi dual merit. Likewise, the British people are also highly individualistic by nature (Matsumoto et al., 2007). As a result of the same, the management of McKinsey Company has followed same sort of managerial practices to influence the workforce located at Australia and Britain. According to the Hofstede Cultural Dimension, low power dimension in culture can be effective in establishing greater communication. In the developed countries, the people strongly believe that inequality among the society must be minimised. As per the cultural belief, organisational people can develop suitable communication channels (Moran, Abramson and Moran, 2014). In the countries where power dimension is significantly lower, the management of the operating in such culture needs to put lesser effort on managerial activities. As superiors are commonly accessible, a systematic organisational hierarchy can be established promoting sophisticated communication (Maude, 2016). However, the countries where power dimension is comparatively higher, formal communication among the employees and superiors must be developed in a strategic way. As higher power dimension creates inequality, there is a distance created between the superiors and employees. In order to bridge the gap, effective cro ss-cultural communication strategy must be taken into consideration to influence the human resources. In case of Australia and Britain, the power dimension is considerably low confirming that it will be easier for an international manager to manage the organisational communication as managers can effortlessly rely on the employees. In the meanwhile, multinational firms operating in the countries where power distance is relatively greater, an international manager must promote collaboration between the top level executives and lower level employees so that the communication network can work effectively. In order to establish effective communication in different cultural environment, an international manager should identify the power distance within the culture. A lower power distance in culture such as in Australia and England will lead to improve communication system without much interference of the management. For instance, McKinsey Company has followed the same suit in their consulting operations in Britain and Australia to improve the communication system. Due to low dimension of power among the social citizens, executive leaders and employees belong to the lower level of organisational hierarchy can easily engage in discussion (Horwitz, 2011). Thus, overall productivity of the firm is increased whereas misconception can be minimised. Meanwhile, the greater communication has led to better employee engagement. In this, managing of human resources in two different countries will be relatively easier for an international manager if the manager acts following the power dimension of the national culture (Ziolkowski, 2015). Influenced by the low power distance, executive level officers and employees of McKinsey Company can frequently share the views and ideas. In this way, informal and participative communication can be established that has been effective for meeting the organisational goal and objective. In terms of decision making, there are several cultural factors that differentiates the decision making processes of the management of organisations situated in two different countries England and Australia. Firstly, the people of Australia are less concerned about long term orientation as compared to the people of England (Trent, Patterson and Woods, 2007). In the same manner, the decision making process of organisations in Australia are less focused on long term orientation. In other words, the decisions made by the management of Australian organisations are focused on short term goals and objectives (Barrett, 2013). For instance, the management of Australian organisations consider short term problems while making decisions in place of evaluating long term issues. Secondly, the management of Australian organisations are highly focused on uncertainty avoidance as compared to the management of Englands organisations (Hoffman and Klein, 2017). The management of Australian organisations considers the risk elements on highest priority in order to avoid uncertainties (Hoffman and Klein, 2017). On the other hand, the management of organisations in England do not consider the risk elements on highest priority while making decisions regarding the organisational strategies. Thirdly, the decision making process of Australian firms are primarily dominated by the feminist figures as compared to the decision making process of the organisations in England. On the basis of the cultural comparison made by using the Hofstede Cultural Dimension Model, it can be seen that the masculinity score for Australia is 61, whereas for the United Kingdom it is 66 (Trent, Patterson and Woods, 2007). Hence, the decision making process of the Australian firm is more dominated by feminist leaders as compared to the United Kingdom. However, in some point of view, it can be seen that the decision making process of the organisations in both the countries are similar due to the cultural similarities between the two nations (Barrett, 2013). For instance, Australia and England mainly comprises of English people and the lifestyles of the people in both the countries are same. The score for power distance, individualism, and indulgence is almost same (Trent, Patterson and Woods, 2007). Hence, these factors dominates the decision making process of the management in both the countries resulting in a similar approach. For instance, the decision in both the countries is taken by the higher authorities after considering the feedback of the employees. Autocratic versus delegated leadership According to De Cremer (2016), as seen from the eyes of the followers cannot be studied without considering the effect of cross-cultural context. In order to become the key player in the global market, the management invest in developing the leaders who have the knowledge and competencies to manage and understand their diverse workforce in both home nation as well as foreign markets. Furthermore, there leadership styles can be presented by using various theories and frameworks (Tarim, 2013). The two major types of leadership styles that are found in different organisations that vary with the change in the cultural context are known as autocratic leadership and delegated leadership. Autocratic leadership is a type of management in which the leader likes to centralise and control. The leaders derive their powers from their position of authority and control. On the other hand, in delegated leadership, the leaders assign the authority among their subordinates by encouraging active participation and empowering employees (Tarim, 2013). There have been few studies conducted to compare the consultative and participative leadership behaviour of the leaders in different nations. For instance, the managers in China are more likely to invite subordinates participation in solving problems. On the other hand, the managers in Australia tend to focus on consensus checking before coming to the final decision (De Cremer, 2016). However, the final decision is made by the higher level executives or senior official in the group after taking feedbacks from the subordinates. Hence, a much more democratic leadership style is evident in the nations that have collectivist nature of cult ure. On the other hand, the managers in the individualist cultures such as Australia and England are more focused on controlling the decision making process by practising autocratic leadership approaches. With change in time and increase in the proportion of foreign culture in Australia and the United Kingdom, democratic leadership approach has become a widely used leadership technique for the management of multinational companies (Tarim, 2013). It can be seen that consensus leadership practices have become common in the British as well as Australian firms. Furthermore, the use of democratic leadership approach has emerged to be a highly successful leadership style for the international HR management (De Cremer, 2016). It helps to seek better relationship with the subordinates and provide them with better roles and responsibilities. On the other hand, democratic leadership approach also helps to gain the employees trust and motivate them towards the growth of the organisation. Superior-subordinate relationships The subordinates and superior relationships is a key factor for the success of an organisation in the current environment of multicultural workforce. According to Hofstede (2013), a study has been conducted in order to understand how the relationship between the superior and subordinates varies with change in context to national culture. It can be seen through the study that employees of the nation with high power distance are less satisfied with participative superiors. On the other hand, the satisfaction level of the employees regarding participative superior increases with decreasing power distance (Mann, 2010). Hence, the relationship between the employees and the management is stronger in low power distance nations as compared to high power distance nations (McWorthy and Henningsen, 2014). For instance, the managers of the organisations in the UK and Australia are found to build strong relationship with their subordinates by influencing them to actively participate in the decisi on making process of the firms. Furthermore, the high level of power distance in the Asian countries creates a formal relationship gap between the superiors and the subordinates (Mann, 2010). However, the individualistic nature of the Australian and British people tends them to maintain formal relationship with the subordinates as compared to the managers in collectivist cultures. On the other hand, the employers in the collectivist cultural nations are found to maintain formal as well as informal relationship with the subordinates due to their emotional bonding (McWorthy and Henningsen, 2014). For instance, the management are found to be more personally connected with the subordinates outside the formal communication channel of the organisation. Hence, it can be seen that the superior-subordinate relationship in Australia and England is much stronger as compared to Asian countries, whereas the management of the organisations in these two countries only focuses on maintaining formal relationship in place of getting emotionally attached with the co-workers. Managing teams Team management is a key factor for the successful management of a large organisation that operates in different parts of the world. However, in terms of cultural, the management of team and the strategies of international HR managers vary from one country to another (Hansen, Hope and Moehler, 2012). In other words, cultural behaviour and practices of the managers plays an essential role in team management in various nations of the world. For instance, the people of Western cultures like to work individually as compared to the people of Asian countries (Glinkowska, 2016). Hence, the effort made by the management to work as a group or team is highly evident in the Asian culture as compared to the Western cultures. According to Glinkowska (2016), the people with high collectivist cultural marking are found to love working as a team. Hence, managing team in collectivist culture is quite easier due to the personal behaviour and psychology of the employees. As the employees with collectivist nature can adjust easily in a team, a higher level of productivity can be evident from group work. On the other hand, people from individualistic culture are more focused on personal goals and objectives. Irrespective of working in a group or team, the employees of individualistic cultures are intended to personal objectives and lack personal attitudes that is important to work in a team (Hansen, Hope and Moehler, 2012). Hence, the management of organisations in individualistic cultures need to make more effort in order to manage team work and influence the employees to work together for a common objective by keeping aside personal goals. On the basis of the above discussion and the Hofstedes Cultural Dimension framework, Australia and the United Kingdom falls under the same category of high individualism that makes it difficult for the management of the organisations in these countries to manage team work (Hansen, Hope and Moehler, 2012). However, with increase in the number of people from foreign cultures, a multicultural population has been formed in both the nations (Glinkowska, 2016). On the other hand, team work has emerged to be an effective strategy to seek success in the current competitive business environment. Hence, the management of the organisations in both the nations need to make a higher level of effort in order to influence the employees by establishing corporate culture to manage team work. Conclusion By considering the above analysis, it can be seen that the cultural similarities between Australia and England leads to a higher level of similarities processes and organisational culture in the firms in both the nations. Moreover, the process of communication, decision making, managing teams are in some cases similar in nature. Alternatively, there are certain differences in the managerial processes that can be evident due to the differences in masculinity, long term orientation and uncertainty avoidance. It can be seen that Australian organisations are more focused on short term goals, uncertainty avoidance and feminist power as compared to the management processes of the organisations in the United Kingdom. However, in terms of organisation culture, the firms in Australia and England possess same cultural attributes and practices due to the similarities in the cultural dimensions. Hence, it becomes easier for managers of Australia to control the human resources of the organisation s in the United Kingdom and vice versa due to the high level of similarities in organisational culture and management practices. References Barrett, B. (2013). Sufficiently Important Difference.Medical Decision Making, 33(6), pp.869-874. De Cremer, D. (2016). Affective and motivational consequences of leader self-sacrifice: The moderating effect of autocratic leadership.The Leadership Quarterly, 17(1), pp.79-93. Frank, B., Enkawa, T. and Schvaneveldt, S. (2015). The role of individualism vs. collectivism in the formation of repurchase intent: A cross-industry comparison of the effects of cultural and personal values.Journal of Economic Psychology, 51, pp.261-278. Gastil, J. (2014). 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Intercultural communication free essay sample

Intercultural communication Our lecture started with well-known demographic facts about Belgium the population equals to 10,511,000, 15% of which are immigrants (1 In Belgium, Catholicism is the most widespread religion. There are also Moslems, Jews and Protestants. In general, people are open-minded about other religions and of course different nationalities. The cultural diversity is enriched by international and local immigration. In the last hundred years the most important immigrant groups were Jews who form a sizable community in Antwerp; Poles, who came after the fall of ommunism; Italians; North Africans and Turks. There are many recent immigrants from other countries in the European Union also. There are three regions in the federal state: Flanders in the north where the official language is Dutch; Wallonia in the south where French is the official language; and Brussels-Capital region where both languages are used. The smaller German-speaking community is in Wallonia. The regions and language communities enjoy autonomy in cultural and economic matters. We will write a custom essay sample on Intercultural communication or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There are also a number of unofficial minority languages spoken here as well. In Belgium, a sensitive issue is the relations between Dutch and French peakers. One should avoid questions or comments on that topic. My conclusion after these facts is that Belgium is not a homogeneous country with one national identity. As such, it is therefore difficult to give a general overview that applies to all Belgians. Another interesting difference we can find in the fact that the Walloons (French speakers) have culture similar to French. For example Walloon food is influenced mainly by French cuisine, less than the Dutch. Dishes are with relatively large portions and excellent quality. Widespread opinion is that Belgian cuisine is characterized by German portions size and French finesse and quality. But sometimes it tends to be spicier and higher in calories than modern French food. At the same time they share Belgiums national passion for soccer and etc. Only in Brussels, the capital, do the two groups coexist. Brussels is one of the rare officially bilingual capitals of the world. The beer culture in Belgium is unique and the country offers its visitors over 400 different beers and consequently there are a lot of tours and opportunities for tasting available for lovers of the drink. There are beer festivals throughout the whole year. Interesting stereotype is that Belgium brings beer, chocolate and waffles to mind. It is easy to forget the rich history and architecture of this country. The national dish is mussels with French fries. Even Belgians claim that the French fries are their invention. Also they have important table manner- the fork is held in the left hand and the knife in the right while eating, which have a great importance in their culture. Belgium does not have a lot of heroes, but they are proud of the tennis players Kim Clijsters and Justine Henin. All these facts lead me to think that it is difficult to know the Belgian Culture very well, but when you have such an opportunity you should not miss it. We also talked about the meaning of gestures in different cultures. Gestures are been used to replace words in many countries, and they are often specific for different cultures. Gestures may mean something complimentary in one culture, but something highly ottensive in another. Generally, there are no universal gestures. Nowadays with the influence of television and movies, some gestures have become more widely known and accepted in many countries. And in this intercultural world, if we want to succeed in international business and relationships, we should be aware of these differences, understand, respect and accept them. To many, these misunderstandings can still be quite offensive, not Just momentarily annoyances. Sometimes innocent actions can lead to very bad consequences. So before you travel, especially when it comes to exotic destinations or the trip is business directed and your career depends on it, you better get to know the habits and customs of the local people and be prepared so you know what behavior should to exhibit. I will give some examples like the sign for 0K (when your thumb and forefinger are making a circle). If you are an English- speaking it means good, French understands it as zero or worthless and Japanese ould read it as money. But you shouldnt show this to a Northern Greek. About 2000 years ago, ancient Greek vases have been found showing this gesture as an insult. And today it is still like this. Understanding the cultural differences is important to avoid misinterpretation of gestures and misunderstanding of the other persons feelings and intentions. Most Europeans like to stand physically close to the person whom they are having a conversation with, much closer than the Westerners. Consequently, Westerners think the Europeans are pushy while Europeans think the Westerners are reserved. Other interesting knowledge was about the cultural competence and different ways to enhance it. We should all be treated equally, no matter what culture we are. This could include learning about traditions, beliefs, meaning of words, phrases, gestures, customs, activities and rituals. Lots of different cultures have different languages and rituals. Cultural competence involves continually developing your awareness of your own and others cultures. Often what is considered an appropriate behavior in one culture is inappropriate in another one. By increasing awareness of cultural differences and the breaking down of tereotypes and prejudices, we can help to develop tolerance and understanding between nations. During the lecture we discussed the iceberg model of culture. This comparison is because like iceberg, the culture has both visible and invisible parts. Elements of the culture which we can plainly see, such as food or clothes, are represented by the upper portion of the iceberg. Those elements which are not as obvious such as why someone eats or dresses the way they do are represented by the much larger portion of the iceberg underwater. l Communication in an international environment requires special training, consistent with the differences n national cultures. Each country has its own rules of behavior that determine the proper etiquette. Although foreigners are very tolerant of our mistakes and give them to ignorance they will be pleasantly surprised if one demonstrates some knowledge in this direction. This will cause them to respect him and show sympathy, and this can be a decisive factor in establishing long-term relationships. If you want to understand other cultures study them. This can be done not Just by reading about them, but also by participating in the customs and act according to the specific rules. Many people learn more than one culture, and managed to do well among them. When circumstances require people should be able to pass easily from one culture to another. Cultural ditterences are at the root ot many misunderstandings in communication between people of different nationalities. Members of a certain culture rarely see anything beyond their own and reasonable view of things. I think the most important thing when you have to deal with different culture is to overcome the cultural shock. At the beginning you are excited about all the new things around. But at the next moment you are disappointed and dissatisfied. In fact, it turns out that you do not know anything about the new culture. Finding things that you do not know is exhausting, though quite exciting. Disappointments are unavoidable, and unavoidable are the mistakes that you make in the beginning. After a little period of time you feel free to move in the other culture and learn not to have problems with the different beliefs, attitudes and values, and behavior, which they suggest. I knew almost nothing about Belgium before I moved here. I knew they had beer, chocolate and here is the home of the ELI, but I certainly couldnt name many famous Belgians r recite interesting events in Belgiums history. To this day I am still learning interesting facts about this little country. Belgium has a reputation for being a boring little country, but now we know the truth. There are plenty of interesting places and things to do in Belgium, and many Belgium attractions can be appreciated during the whole year. Weather will affect some of the things that you might want to do in Belgium, but that Just means that you can enjoy something else. With lots of good museums, shops, restaurants, cafes, and pubs to choose from across the country, theres never any reason to get bored on your stay in Belgium. One of the most interesting things is the wide variety of museums. Only in Brussels you can find around forty museums including the Museum of Modern Art and the Royal Museum of Fine Arts of Belgium. There you can find collection of different artists, including the Flemish painters like Bruegel, van der WeiJden Rogir Robert Campillo, Anthony van Dyck, Jacob Yordans and Peter Paul Rubens. Also you can find the famous museum of the comics, where you can find a bunch of useful and interesting things and the museum of chocolate at the entrance the visitor feels like the house of Hansel and Gretel by the Brothers Grimm fairy tale. Intercultural Communication free essay sample â€Å"Jim Crow was more than a series of rigid anti-black laws. It was a way of life† (What Was Jim Crow, 2012). After reading this article I learned that Jim Crow was basically the name of a racial social system that was used primarily in the southern states. This system consisted of many rules that black citizens were confined to follow. They also had guidelines that Blacks were supposed to abide by when merely conversing or in the presence of a white person. The article also went on to say, â€Å"Under Jim Crow, African Americans were relegated to the status of second class citizens.† After doing some research, I believe that this system seemed to start after the end of the Reconstruction period, which started after the Civil War. During the Reconstruction period, there seemed to be not as much segregation between the two races. However, this soon came to an end, this was due to the fact that Whites believed they were losing their control, so something had to be done; and so began the Jim Crow laws. We will write a custom essay sample on Intercultural Communication or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page â€Å"Many Christian ministers and theologians taught that whites were the Chosen people, blacks were cursed to be servants, and God supported racial segregation† (What Was Jim Crow, 2012). This was another idea that seemed to pose as a possible origin of the Jim Crow Laws, the fact of religion. Religion is something that may always have influence over the occurrence of an event. However, I don’t believe that this idea comes with as much support as the idea of Whites fearing the demise of their power. I believe that the reason these laws gained so much momentum was due to the fact that for years after the Civil War, racial mixing was allowed and seemed to be a common event. â€Å"The U.S. officially ended slavery with the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment in 1865. There were various proposals to grant freed black slaves compensation, or at least assistance in establishing themselves as free citizens† (Reconstruction, 2008). I think that Whites were angry about the way that things were happening and that they felt that their power was being undermined. So when the Jim Crow laws started up, the Whites had their vengeance and they wanted to take the power back. â€Å"Virtues are civic to the extent that they contribute to, and strengthen, the communal good† (Segregation and Civic Virtue, 2012). Segregation is usually thought to be an obstruction of the peace for a group of people. However, it can also be seen and expressed as a fact of strength. When doing some research I found a  couple of examples of the virtues of segregation in a community, â€Å"Obvious examples might include the building and maintenance of parks, schools, community centers, and libraries† (Segregation and Civic Virtue, 2012). These examples go to show that segregation may actually have some positive externalities on a community. Segregation can cause a community to be more verbal and communicate more on issues that would ultimately boost the morale of a community. There was one other sort of virtue that I found came about due to this era, and that was the Harlem Renaissance. This period was when group of gifted black authors published literature of their experiences during this rough time. These works of art would end up sticking with us, and continue to influence modern literature today. I don’t personally believe that there was much mutual respect between the races during this era. There may have been some respect present, but it was not the same by any means. I believe there were few, but some, Whites that respected the black race due to the treatment they had been put through. I also believe that some of the Blacks respected few of the Whites, mainly because of the rank of their status or the positions they held. However, these are two different views on respect and it seems to me that they are not based on mutual terms. The lack of mutual respect is something that I believe could be blamed for the hindrance of intercultural communication at this time. This also has to do with the fact that white people determined that Blacks were like children. They did not treat them with the same respect that you would treat another adult. This sort of treatment greatly affected the communication between Blacks and whites; Blacks were not considered to have valuable input and therefore their opinions were not taken into consideration. Blacks were treated as children and this is one of the sole reasons I think there was a large barrier to communication. After doing some research, I learned that Blacks would become spies in the Civil Rights Movement. According to State of Siege, â€Å"They paid money to black Mississippians to infiltrate the meetings of civil rights activists† (Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission, 2013). I believe that this quote is reason enough to explain why some Blacks held these kinds of positions. At this point many African American’s were going through tough times and were not given many job opportunities, there was a limited source of income and they knew they had to take advantage of each opportunity. This time in  our history can be looked upon to greatly define our nation. It shows how we have overcome a lot of struggles through our lifetime yet we still have our imperfections. The Jim Crow laws created a staggeringly large barrier when it came to communication between Blacks and Whites. Another factor that seemed to add to this miscommunication was the Citizen’s Council, which was basically just a large group of organized Whites that opposed civil rights. These are two of the reasons I believe that intercultural communication was lacking at this time; the Jim Crow Laws and the Citizen’s Council both showed a group of people who opposed the integration of Blacks and Whites. The people in this council and those who supported the Jim Crow Laws didn’t want to try and make opportunities for all men equal. They didn’t want to communicate with a group of people that was different than they were or of a different culture; I think that this led the way for others not wanting to change the way things were sooner. It took some period of time but I think the barrier was finally pushed aside and integration was in sight. References Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia (2012). What was jim crow? Retrieved from http://www.ferris.edu/jimcrow/what.htm Traces of the Trade (2008). Reconstruction, jim crow, and the civil rights era. Retrieved   from http://www.tracesofthetrade.org/guides-and-materials/historical/reconstruction-jim-crow-and-the-civil-rights-era/ Merry, M. (2012). Educational theory. Segregation and civic virtue, 61, 465-484. Retrieved from ttp://www.academia.edu/1842134/Segregation_and_Civic_Virtue Ellis, K. Smith, S. (2013). State of siege: Mississippi whites and the civil rights movement. The mississippi state sovereignty commission. American RadioWorks.